N3 is the level where the JLPT changes character. N4 asks whether you know a pattern. N3 asks whether you can choose between two patterns that both look correct — and that is a different skill.
This is not a complete list. It is the core that turns up most often, grouped by what the patterns do, with the confusions that cost the most marks.
Cause and reason
〜おかげで — thanks to (positive result) 先生のおかげで合格できました。
〜せいで — because of (negative result) 雨のせいで試合が中止になった。
〜ため(に) — because of / for the purpose of; formal, neutral 事故のため、電車が遅れています。
〜によって — by means of, depending on, by (agent) 人によって考え方が違う。
The confusion: おかげで and せいで are grammatically identical and differ only in whether the outcome is good or bad. Exam items always supply the outcome — read to the end of the sentence before choosing.
Contrast and concession
〜のに — although (with surprise or frustration) 毎日勉強しているのに、点が上がらない。
〜ても — even if 雨が降っても行きます。
〜ながら(も) — although, while 知っていながら、教えてくれなかった。
〜そのかわり — on the other hand, in return 給料は低い。そのかわり、休みは多い。
〜くせに — despite (critical, informal) できないくせに、えらそうに言う。
The confusion: のに and けど both mean “but”. のに carries emotion — surprise, complaint, disappointment. けど is neutral. If the sentence has feeling in it, のに is usually the answer.
Conditions
〜ば — general or hypothetical conditions 安ければ買います。
〜たら — specific conditions, personal wishes お金があったら、車を買いたい。
〜と — automatic, inevitable results ボタンを押すと、ドアが開きます。
〜なら — picking up on what the other person just said 日本へ行くなら、京都がいいですよ。
The confusion: the four conditionals are the single biggest source of N3 grammar errors. Quick test — と for things that always happen, なら when responding to something just said, たら for a specific future situation, ば for a general condition. If two look possible, ask whether anyone spoke first: if yes, なら.
Time and sequence
〜うちに — while (a state lasts) 若いうちに、いろいろ経験したほうがいい。
〜間に — during (a period), with something happening at a point inside it 寝ている間に、雨が降ったようだ。
〜たとたん — the moment that ドアを開けたとたん、猫が出ていった。
〜たばかり — only just did 日本に来たばかりです。
〜ところ — 〜るところ (about to), 〜ているところ (in the middle of), 〜たところ (just finished)
The confusion: うちに and 間に. Use うちに when the point is that the state will end — 熱いうちに食べてください (eat it while it’s still hot). Use 間に for a plain time window.
Hearsay, appearance and conjecture
〜そうだ (plain form + そうだ) — I hear that 雨が降るそうです。
〜そうだ (stem + そうだ) — looks like 雨が降りそうです。
〜ようだ / 〜みたいだ — seems (from your own observation) 誰もいないようです。
〜らしい — apparently (from an outside source), or typical of 彼は来ないらしい。/ 今日は春らしい天気だ。
〜はずだ — ought to be (confident expectation) 彼はもう着いているはずだ。
〜わけだ — that explains it, no wonder 道理で寒いわけだ。
The confusion: the two そうだ. Attached to the plain form it is hearsay; attached to the stem it is appearance. 降るそうだ (I hear it will rain) versus 降りそうだ (it looks like rain). This distinction appears in almost every N3 paper.
Obligation, permission and prohibition
〜なければならない / 〜なくてはいけない — must 〜なくてもいい — don’t have to 〜てはいけない — must not 〜ないと(いけない) — have to (colloquial) 〜べきだ — should (moral obligation) 親に感謝すべきだ。 〜ことになっている — it is the rule that 9時までに出社することになっている。
The confusion: べきだ and ほうがいい. ほうがいい is advice — it would be better. べきだ is a moral claim — it is the right thing to do. Never use べきだ about your own actions in polite conversation; it sounds self-righteous.
Purpose and direction
〜ために — in order to (deliberate purpose, same subject) 留学するために、お金をためている。
〜ように — so that (result, often with potential or non-volitional verbs) よく見えるように、前に座った。
〜ようになる — come to be able to / start doing 日本語が話せるようになった。
〜ことにする — decide to 〜ことになる — it has been decided that
The confusion: ために and ように. ために takes a volitional verb and the same subject throughout. ように takes a potential or non-volitional verb — 聞こえるように, 忘れないように, 間に合うように.
Extent and degree
〜ほど — to the extent that 歩けないほど疲れた。
〜くらい / 〜ぐらい — about, to the extent of 泣きたいくらい悲しい。
〜ば〜ほど — the more… the more 練習すればするほど、上手になる。
〜さえ — even 水さえ飲めなかった。
〜だけでなく〜も — not only… but also
Passive, causative and the rest
These carry over from N4 but N3 tests them in combination:
Passive 〜れる/られる — 先生に褒められた。 Causative 〜せる/させる — 子どもに野菜を食べさせる。 Causative-passive 〜させられる — 母に野菜を食べさせられた。
The confusion: causative versus causative-passive. 食べさせる is I make them eat; 食べさせられる is I am made to eat. Look at the particles — に marks who is made to act in the causative, and who does the making in the causative-passive.
Connectives that structure a passage
These are reading marks, not just grammar marks. N3 reading passages are built from them, and spotting one tells you what is coming:
| Pattern | Signals |
|---|---|
| たしかに…しかし | Concede, then state the real position — the argument is after しかし |
| つまり | A restatement, often simpler than what preceded it |
| むしろ | The writer’s actual claim, correcting the obvious one |
| そのため / したがって | A consequence |
| ただし | An exception that limits what was just said |
| なお | A supplementary note, common in notices |
| 一方(で) | The other side of a comparison |
If you learn nothing else from this article, learn たしかに…しかし and むしろ. In an N3 or N2 reading passage, the writer’s opinion is almost always on the far side of one of them.
How to actually study these
Do not learn them as a list. Learn them in contrast pairs, because that is how the exam tests them — ために/ように, うちに/間に, おかげで/せいで, the two そうだ.
Learn one sentence per pattern and keep it. A pattern you can recall in a sentence is usable; a pattern you know the English gloss for is not.
Test yourself in context. Fill-in-the-blank questions where two options are both grammatical is exactly what N3 does. Our N3 practice test is built around these confusions, and the explanations spell out why the tempting wrong answer is wrong.
Read the explanations for questions you got right. At N3, getting the right answer by elimination and getting it by knowing the distinction feel identical and are not.
Next steps
- Take the free JLPT N3 practice test
- What the JLPT N3 covers — sections, timing and pass mark
- JLPT scoring explained
There is no official JLPT grammar list. The patterns above reflect what appears most often in past papers and standard textbooks, not a published specification.